Global energy costs have risen sharply this month due to a convergence of geopolitical shocks, as critical infrastructure and transport routes have been severely disrupted in the wake of U.S. strikes on Iran. Specifically, oil prices have climbed above $100 per barrel for the first time since 2022, while European gas futures have nearly doubled from late February levels. These developments have led to pain at the pump for many in the U.S., where the cost of a gallon of regular, unleaded gasoline has risen to more than $3.96 as of this writing. This figure represents a roughly 33% increase from the national average just one month ago.

It is hard to understate the importance of the Persian Gulf region to commodities markets, with the Strait of Hormuz alone typically handling around a quarter of seaborne oil and a significant share of liquefied natural gas (LNG) shipments. The effective closure of this waterway has choked off a vital artery for the global energy trade, and damage to the LNG export capacity of Qatar has further tightened markets. With shipping traffic in the region reduced or halted due to security risks, traders are now pricing in the possibility of prolonged energy shortages. The current situation is particularly acute because ongoing disruptions affect not just production but also the transportation of commodities that have already been produced, amplifying the supply squeeze. Additionally, oil producers in the Gulf have scaled back output as storage capacity reaches its limits, both on land and aboard tankers offshore. According to the International Energy Agency, production has been reduced by at least 10 million barrels per day, which represents more than half of the volume that typically passes through the Strait of Hormuz.

Beyond the immediate supply loss, markets are also responding to the risk of sustained or worsening disruption. Damage to key facilities (e.g., large-scale LNG processing plants) could take years to fully repair, raising the prospect of a prolonged imbalance between supply and demand. Meanwhile, continued military escalation increases the likelihood that additional infrastructure could be targeted. This uncertainty has led to a risk premium being embedded in prices, as buyers compete to secure alternative supplies and hedge against future shortages. In effect, the combination of physical damage, logistical bottlenecks, and geopolitical risk has created significant upward pressure on energy prices, with potential ripple effects across inflation, industrial activity, and global economic growth.

The capture of Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro is a watershed moment for a country whose natural resource economy has been managed by an interventionist, state-centric regime for nearly 30 years. Indeed, Maduro’s detention effectively ends the command-and-control model that had long governed Venezuela’s oil sector, in which the state-owned oil company PDVSA functioned largely as a political instrument rather than a commercial enterprise. Once a technically competent producer, PDVSA was hollowed out in the early 2000s as revenues were diverted to fund government spending, skilled workers were purged, and maintenance and reinvestment were neglected. As can be seen in this week’s chart, this led to a steep decline in Venezuelan production and export capacity. For global markets, the immediate significance of the ousting of Maduro lies less in the regime change itself than in the potential reopening of one of the world’s largest hydrocarbon endowments after years of sanctions and operational decay.

In the short run, Venezuelan oil exports are likely to increase modestly but unevenly. Although the nation’s output has already started to recover from its 2020 trough due to limited sanctions waivers and ad hoc deals, infrastructure constraints remain severe. Years of deferred maintenance have left pipelines, ports, and storage facilities in poor condition, while a shortage of skilled labor and reliable power continues to limit throughput. As a result, any additional barrels reaching export markets will likely come primarily via better utilization of existing fields rather than large-scale new investment, at least over the coming months. Deals that redirect crude toward the United States (particularly heavy oil suited for Gulf Coast refineries) could shift trade flows quickly, but they do not solve the deeper structural problems of the industry. Near-term export gains are therefore likely to be measured in hundreds of thousands of barrels per day rather than a return to Venezuela’s historical multi-million-barrel output.

Over a longer time horizon, the toppling of Maduro could reshape Venezuela’s oil sector more profoundly by altering its relationship with foreign capital and global commodities markets. International oil companies have long viewed Venezuela’s reserves as attractive but effectively uninvestable due to sanctions risk, opaque governance, a history of expropriation, and weak contract enforcement. A political realignment raises the possibility of a gradual normalization of commercial terms, including joint ventures, profit-sharing mechanisms, and clearer legal protections for market participants. However, analysts widely agree that rebuilding production capacity would be a long and risky process, likely requiring tens of billions of dollars and many years of stable policy. Further complicating matters is Venezuela’s exceptionally high methane intensity, which makes its crude oil among the most emissions-intensive in the world and increasingly problematic for buyers facing stricter environmental standards. Addressing these environmental liabilities would add both cost and time to any meaningful expansion of exports.

Beyond oil, Venezuela’s broader natural resource abundance adds an additional layer of significance to the recent change in leadership. Specifically, the country sits atop substantial reserves of gold and other strategic minerals, and renewed export capacity could feed into a broader bull market in commodities if supply constraints ease. It is important to remember, however, that recent events do not automatically translate into a clean political transition, and the near-term outlook for Venezuelan commodities exports remains shaped by institutional fragility, security risks and unresolved questions about who exercises authority over production, contracts, and revenues. Ultimately, Maduro’s capture creates an opening rather than a resolution, as it increases the probability that Venezuelan resources re-enter global markets at scale, but it does not eliminate the risks that have defined the country’s commodities sector for years.

Earlier this year, Marquette published a Chart of the Week that detailed the muted change in oil prices in the aftermath of U.S. strikes on Iranian nuclear facilities. Tensions in the region have persisted in recent time, with last week seeing Israeli airstrikes that targeted Hamas leadership in Qatar. In response to this development, oil ticked higher as investors assessed the increased risk of commodity supply chain disruptions but later gave back most of these gains. This represents a continuation of the trend exhibited during most of 2025, in which geopolitical shocks do not materially increase the price of oil. One possible explanation for this dynamic would be persistently elevated supply of the commodity.

As displayed in the chart above, there has been a sustained imbalance between oil supply and demand for most of the last six months, with supply outpacing demand. Indeed, OPEC+, which includes the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, Russia, and other allied producers, has moved to aggressively raise output in 2025, which has resulted in a production capacity increase of over two million barrels per day since April. Despite this already increasing supply, OPEC+ recently made an agreement to add an additional 137,000 barrels per day to its production capacity in October. These increases in capacity have significantly outpaced global demand, driving prices lower and widening the oil supply glut. Going forward, while geopolitical instability may support temporary price increases, the longer-term outlook for oil remains clouded by excess supply and uncertainty surrounding future consumption of the commodity.