There Is No Crystal Ball

February 03, 2022

Four combination column/marker charts showing projected and actual economic metrics. Chart subtitle: Under normal economic conditions, the Fed is fairly accurate at predicting economic metrics, except the number of rate hikes. General description: Charts are arranged 2x2, with upper row showing GDP (blue) and Inflation (purple) and lower row showing Unemployment (tan) and No. 25bp Rate Hikes (green). Legends are shown at left of each chart, with projections displayed as lighter columns and actual numbers in darker circle marker overlaid by year. X-axis of each chart shows years from 2014 through 2021. GDP chart description: Y-axis spans -7% to +7%, hovering between 2-3% for the years shown. Generally the Fed projections historically were only off by less than 0.5% until 2020, with a projection of -6.5% and actual at -3.4% and 2021, with a projection of 6.5% and actual at 5.7%. Inflation chart description: Y-axis spans 0% to 6%, hovering between 1% and 2% for the years shown. Generally projections historically were only off by less than 0.2% until 2021, with a projection 2.2% and actual at 4.85%. Unemployment chart description: Y-axis spans 0 to 10%, hovering between 3% and 6% for the years shown, though it had steadily declined since 2014. Generally projections historically were off by only 0.1% until 2020, with a projection of 9.3% and actual at 6.8. 2021 was back to historical norms with a projection of 4.5% and actual at 4.2%. No. 25bps Rate Hiks chart description: Y-axis space -5 to +5. These projections and actual data are very inconsistent; the Fed was only correct one year out of the years shown (2017) and otherwise both under- and overestimates relatively frequently. Chart source: Federal Reserve Summary of Economic Projections, Bloomberg. End chart description.

The Federal Reserve is arguably the most influential financial institution in the world. Their eight meetings a year are highly anticipated, their policy decisions are highly scrutinized, and their economic projections and commentary can move markets. Last month the Nasdaq sold off nearly 9% on concerns of heightened inflation and expected rate hikes by the central bank. The market reversed sharply after the January FOMC meeting on Chair Jerome Powell’s comments about rising inflation and monetary tightening. There are even trading strategies built on predicting market movements after the Fed’s comments and monetary policy surprises. While the monetary policy decisions made by the Fed have a material impact on the economy, their projections are not always accurate, especially when it comes to rate hikes.

Our chart of the week examines the summary of economic projections of GDP, unemployment, inflation, and the number of 25 basis point rate hikes projected for the year over the last eight years. Prior to the COVID pandemic in 2020, the Fed had fairly accurately predicted GDP, inflation, and unemployment, more often than not coming within 0.2% of actual full-year numbers. Ironically, when it comes to interest rate changes — the metric most directly controlled by the Federal Reserve — predictions worsen. While the Fed accurately foresaw no movement in 2014 and 2021 and were on the mark with three rate hikes in 2017, they greatly overestimated hikes in 2015 and 2016 and underestimated rate cuts in 2019 and 2020. Following four rate hikes in 2018, after starting the year predicting three, the Fed quickly reversed course in 2019, cutting rates three times, a sharp contrast to initial expectations for one additional rate increase.

This year the members of the FOMC are predicting three rate hikes, though history has shown us actual results could differ greatly. Monetary policy and economics are never an exact science, and the continually evolving supply and demand dynamics behind inflation make this year all the more challenging. There are simply variables that cannot be predicted. In other words, there is no crystal ball. As the year unfolds, we will continue to keep our clients abreast of policy updates out of the Fed as well as any other developments that could impact the course of rates.

Print PDF > There Is No Crystal Ball

 

The opinions expressed herein are those of Marquette Associates, Inc. (“Marquette”), and are subject to change without notice. This material is not financial advice or an offer to purchase or sell any product. Marquette reserves the right to modify its current investment strategies and techniques based on changing market dynamics or client needs.

The opinions expressed herein are those of Marquette Associates, Inc. (“Marquette”), and are subject to change without notice. This material is not financial advice or an offer to purchase or sell any product. Marquette reserves the right to modify its current investment strategies and techniques based on changing market dynamics or client needs.

Related Content

Five-line chart comparing yield on 30-year debt instrument for the United States, United Kingdon, France, Germany, and Japan, December 2021 to August 21, 2026. First data point in order listed previously: 1.9%, 1.1%, 0.9%, 0.2%, 0.7%. Most recent: 5.3%, 5.8%, 4.9%, 3.8%, 4.1%. For full dataset, please contact marquettemarketing@marquetteassociates.com.

08.24.2026

Long Weakened

The global bond market is facing renewed pressure as investors demand higher yields to hold long-dated government debt, pushing borrowing…

Column chart showing total deal size for 14 non-financial corporate bond deals of $20B or more since the start of 2025. Out of 14, only three were unrelated to AI or hyperscalers. For full dataset, please contact marquettemarketing@marquetteassociates.com.

08.17.2026

Supersize Me!

As a college football player struggling to put on mass, the “supersizing” deal at McDonald’s was hard to beat. For…

08.10.2026

The Yen is Wayward… but Investors Carry On

After reaching nearly ¥164 per dollar, its weakest level in roughly four decades, the yen had become a source of…

Combined column and line chart showing expected hikes/cuts and policy rate as of 12/31/2025 through 7/31/2025 as well as the actual policy rate for upcoming Fed meetings, 12/31/2025 through 12/9/2026. As market expectations have changed in 2026, investors' original outlook for two rate cuts were priced out in March and eventually switched to two rate hikes. For full dataset, please contact marquettemarketing@marquetteassociates.com.

08.03.2026

Hit the One in the Middle, Mr. Chairman!

In the cinematic masterpiece Rocky IV, Rocky gets dazed by his opponent, Captain Ivan Drago, and complains that he sees…

Column chart showing redemption volume for business development companies (PDCs) in billions of dollars by quarter, 1Q 2022 to 2Q 2026. Filled redemptions are shown in solid orange, but 1Q and 2Q 2026 also include stacked lighter orange for Unmet Redemptions data (-$6.5B and -$9.7B, respectively). Up to the second half of 2025, volume hovered at less than -$2B, but has since increased. For full dataset, please contact marquettemarketing@marquetteassociates.com.

07.27.2026

Liquidity Isn’t Free

The rapid growth of non-traded business development companies (BDCs), which are investment vehicles that pool investor capital to make loans…

Three-line chart showing cumulative returns for the KOSPI Index, SK Hynix, and SK Hynix Daily 2x Leveraged ETF from June 30, 2025 to June 30, 2026. While the KOSPI Index is at 137% cumulative, SK Hynix is at 671% and the ETF is at 948%, highlighting the growing role of ETFs. For full dataset, please contact marquettemarketing@marquetteassociates.com.

07.20.2026

Wagging the Dog

Our most recent Chart of the Week publication discussed how the AI investment opportunity has expanded beyond…

More articles

Subscribe to Research Email Alerts

Research Email Alert Subscription

Research alerts keep you updated on our latest research publications. Simply enter your contact information, choose the research alerts you would like to receive and click Subscribe. Alerts will be sent as research is published.

We respect your privacy. We will never share or sell your information.

Thank You

We appreciate your interest in Marquette Associates.

If you have questions or need further information, please contact us directly and we will respond to your inquiry within 24 hours.

Contact Us >