Category: Chart of the Week

Lower Oil Prices a Tailwind for Airline Stocks

Our chart of the week examines how the fall in the price of oil – despite its recent impact on the overall stock market – has benefitted the airline industry and should continue to do so in the near future.

Our chart of the week examines how the fall in the price of oil – despite its recent impact on the overall stock market – has benefitted the airline industry and should continue to do so in the near future.

The chart shows how oil prices have steadily declined since June to roughly $56/barrel as of December 16th. Over the same period, U.S. equities — as represented by the S&P 500 — have marched higher, led by stronger than expected earnings and an increasingly favorable jobs market. Given the drop in oil prices, it may not be entirely surprising that airline stocks as a group have been one of the strongest performers in 2014, gaining 34% so far this year. Since one of the largest expenses for any airline is fuel, the recent decline in prices coupled with both the large volume of travelers in the fourth quarter and rise in airline ticket prices should translate to one of the most profitable quarters for a sector already flying high. The nosedive in oil prices may not be the best news for the overall market (seen at the very end of the graph) but should bode well for airlines and the managers who choose to invest in this soaring sector.

Impact of Low Oil Prices on Emerging Market Investments

Many investors are concerned that the recent decline in oil prices will pose significant headwinds for investments in emerging markets debt and equity, since many emerging countries are known as significant exporters of oil. In the same vein, the economic slowdown in Europe and China may translate to reduced consumption of emerging countries’ commodity exports. Our Chart of the Week examines the impact of lower oil prices on the potential returns for emerging market investments, specifically debt and equity.

Many investors are concerned that the recent decline in oil prices will pose significant headwinds for investments in emerging markets debt and equity since many emerging countries are known as significant exporters of oil. In the same vein, the economic slowdown in Europe and China may translate to reduced consumption of emerging countries’ commodity exports. Our Chart of the Week examines the impact of lower oil prices on the potential returns for emerging market investments, specifically debt and equity.

While all emerging market countries are exporters in one way or another, they do not all primarily export energy or even commodities. As shown in the bottom right of this week’s chart, Venezuela and Nigeria rely heavily on energy exports and the recent drop in oil prices has been a negative trend for their sovereign and corporate debt as well as the stocks of companies in those countries. In the top right, there are more emerging countries that rely on commodity exports that are non-energy — countries that rely more on mineral and agricultural exports, such as Chile and Brazil. Finally, in the top left, there are even more emerging countries that have much more of their exports in the form of non-energy, non-commodity goods, such as Israel and China, which export mainly manufactured goods. In some cases, the fall in commodity prices is beneficial for commodity importers like India and Turkey.

Based on the chart, there does not appear to be an overreliance on oil – or commodity – exports to support the collective economies of emerging market countries. While some countries will most certainly feel the direct impact of lower oil prices, emerging market investments should not be disproportionately hurt by falling oil prices.

When Will Rates Rise in 2015?

As investors turn the calendar to 2015, one of the big uncertainties for the coming year is Fed policy and its impact on interest rates. In October, the Fed formally wrapped up its quantitative easing program, which saw the size of the central bank’s balance sheet grow from a pre-crisis $800 billion to almost $4.5 trillion. Now, the Fed can once again focus on the more traditional policy tool of manipulating short-term interest rates.

As investors turn the calendar to 2015, one of the big uncertainties for the coming year is Fed policy and its impact on interest rates. In October, the Fed formally wrapped up its quantitative easing program, which saw the size of the central bank’s balance sheet grow from a pre-crisis $800 billion to almost $4.5 trillion. Now, the Fed can once again focus on the more traditional policy tool of manipulating short-term interest rates. Against a backdrop of steadily improving economic fundamentals and low inflation, the Fed has pledged to keep the Fed Funds rates low for a “considerable” period of time. Investors have loosely interpreted such Fed-speak to mean that the first rate hike is likely to occur sometime in the second half of 2015.

For a more precise estimate of the market’s interpretation, we can turn to the futures market for potential guidance. As of November 28, the futures market was predicting that the effective Fed Funds rate will rise from its current level of 0.10% to 0.25% by August of 2015, reaching a level of near 0.50% by the end of 2015. Unfortunately, as our chart of the week shows, the futures market has historically been a poor predictor of future interest rates. Since the 2008 Financial Crisis, futures contracts on the effective Fed Funds rate have serially overestimated the actual level of interest rates. So while 2015 is supposed to finally be the year that interest rates rise off historic lows, the futures market cannot be counted on to accurately predict the timing and magnitude of any increase.

Currency Effects on International Equity Returns

One of the most significant challenges that international equity investors have faced this year is the impact of a stronger dollar. From many perspectives, a stronger dollar signals improved economic growth in the U.S. Unfortunately, a stronger dollar also acts as a headwind for U.S.-based investors purchasing international equities.

One of the most significant challenges that international equity investors have faced this year is the impact of a stronger dollar. From many perspectives, a stronger dollar signals improved economic growth in the U.S. Unfortunately, a stronger dollar also acts as a headwind for U.S.-based investors purchasing international equities. In some instances, the impact of the stronger dollar has flipped positive returns denominated in local currency to negative returns when translated to U.S. dollars. In fact, this phenomenon has occurred year to date in 2014: the local currency return for a primary international equity index (MSCI EAFE) is positive (red bar; 4.2%), but becomes negative when denominated in dollars (blue bar; -2.4%).

In our Chart of the Week, we examine the retrospective returns of the MSCI index, denominated in both local currency and U.S. dollars. Based on the chart, two conclusions seem straightforward:

  • The “winner” each year will vary over time, which is not surprising since the U.S. dollar strengthens in some years and weakens in others.
  • Over the long term, the relative strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar is more or less balanced out, as the cumulative returns of each index – local and dollar – suggest, shown by the convergence of the two cumulative return streams.

If nothing else, this week’s chart should provide some comfort to investors whose returns have been negatively impacted by a stronger dollar: although the dollar acted as a drag on international returns this year, it is highly unlikely this will be a consistent pattern in the coming years, and should certainly not serve as a worry for long-term international equity investors.

Better Prospects for Future Income?

One of the most notable economic metrics that has not yet recovered from the recent recession is income and wage growth. This is not surprising: given the high level of unemployment, employers have been able to successfully hire without having to pay a material premium in wages. This trend has been supported by the level of wage growth, which has averaged close to 2%, significantly below its pre-recession average of 3.5%.

One of the most notable economic metrics that has not yet recovered from the recent recession is income and wage growth. This is not surprising: given the high level of unemployment, employers have been able to successfully hire without having to pay a material premium in wages. This trend has been supported by the level of wage growth, which has averaged close to 2%, significantly below its pre-recession average of 3.5%.

However, as the unemployment rate has abated, this trend appears to be reversing itself, at least in terms of future wages expectations on behalf of workers. Our chart this week shows the growing level of workers who expect their incomes to actually increase in the coming years (blue line in the graph). Predictably, the number of workers who expect their incomes to decrease is dropping (red line). Collectively, these patterns suggest a growing confidence that wages will increase, which should translate into more disposable income for consumers. Given that the U.S. economy is one driven by consumption, higher wages should translate into a notable tailwind for economic growth.

Improving Diversification Profile for Commodities?

As they are driven more by supply and demand and less by macroeconomic factors, commodities have historically enjoyed low correlations to other asset classes in an investment portfolio, and are often utilized as a source of diversification. However, the correlations between commodities and other asset classes, such as equities, fixed income, and hedge funds tend to be fluid over time and can change significantly over a market cycle.

As they are driven more by supply and demand and less by macroeconomic factors, commodities have historically enjoyed low correlations to other asset classes in an investment portfolio, and are often utilized as a source of diversification. However, the correlations between commodities and other asset classes, such as equities, fixed income, and hedge funds tend to be fluid over time and can change significantly over a market cycle. Our Chart of the Week examines the recent movement in correlations between commodities and the most common constituents of an institutional portfolio: U.S. equities, international equities, bonds, and hedge funds.

The chart above illustrates that in the years leading up to the summer of 2007, rolling 5-year correlations between commodities and other asset classes ranged from as low as -0.07 for fixed income to as high as 0.36 for hedge funds. Correlations spiked after the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, as macroeconomic conditions took the driver’s seat and pushed correlations to equities and hedge fund strategies upwards over the following years. Recently, though, these correlations have started to retreat towards pre-recession levels, with correlations generally decreasing since July 2013. Given this downward trend, the correlations between commodities and other asset classes make a better case for the asset class and its diversification benefits now than it did a few years ago.

Impact of Profit Margins on Stock Market Valuations

This week’s Chart of the Week looks at U.S. (measured by the S&P 500) and Developed International (measured by the MSCI EAFE) equity market valuations. Over the last five years U.S. equity markets have outperformed their developed market peers by almost 10% on an annualized basis (14% vs. 5.3%).

This week’s Chart of the Week looks at U.S. (measured by the S&P 500) and Developed International (measured by the MSCI EAFE) equity market valuations. Over the last five years U.S. equity markets have outperformed their developed market peers by almost 10% on an annualized basis (14% vs. 5.3%). Perhaps most surprising is that, as this week’s chart shows, U.S. markets trade at only a modest premium to other developed market peers (16.5 price to earnings ratio for U.S. stocks versus 14.9 for developed market international stocks). However, non-U.S. stocks are actually much cheaper when normalized for profit margins. Profit margins have a strong tendency to mean revert over time (high profits attract competition which drives down profit margins) and U.S. profit margins, at 9.5%, are at an all-time high. Conversely, non-U.S. developed market profit margins are just 6.6%, below their long-term average. Not since 2009 have international profit margins exceeded U.S. profit margins.1 Investors should be aware that as profit margins revert to their long-term averages it could leave U.S. stocks looking pricy, and their developed market peers looking cheap.

1This is shown in the graph when the red area (EAFE profit margins) completely covers the blue area (S&P 500 profit margins).

Support for the U.S. Equity Market

In this week’s Chart of the Week we look at the recent volatility of the U.S. equity market. Since the fourth quarter began, the S&P 500 index fell as much as 4%, but has recently rebounded, thus bringing its YTD gains to approximately 6%.

In this week’s Chart of the Week, we look at the recent volatility of the U.S. equity market. Since the fourth quarter began, the S&P 500 index (green line in chart) fell as much as 4%, but has recently rebounded, thus bringing its YTD gains to approximately 6%. Issues such as Ebola, ISIS, the Ukrainian Crisis, and a possible recession in the Eurozone have all contributed to the pullback.

However, it is worth noting that U.S. companies traded on the S&P 500 index are reporting strong third quarter earnings. So far this month, a total of 293 companies have released third quarter earnings that can be compared to Wall Street estimates. An overwhelming majority, 218, either met or beat Wall Street earnings per share estimates. As the chart illustrates, the continued good news from U.S. corporate earnings has positively contributed to the S&P’s recent rebound. Any continued volatility should be watched closely for prolonged effects on portfolios, but continued strong U.S. corporate earnings should calm investors’ worries about an elongated retreat for the U.S. equity market.

Speed Bump or Something More?

Over the past couple weeks financial markets have suffered steep declines, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average falling over 800 points, leaving investors to wonder if this is simply the pullback that we have been waiting for or if larger losses loom on the horizon.

Over the past couple weeks, financial markets have suffered steep declines with the Dow Jones Industrial Average falling over 800 points, leaving investors to wonder if this is simply the pullback that we have been waiting for or if larger losses loom on the horizon. While some may be pointing to underlying fundamentals or economic data, one could simply point to history as an indicator. This week’s chart looks at the maximum intra-year drawdown for the S&P 5001 Index for the last 30 years.

Since 1984, the S&P 500 Index has only had five negative calendar years. Despite this fact, 25 out of the last 30 calendar years have had an intra-year drawdown of more than -7%, and the median calendar year maximum drawdown over the last 30 years was just over -10%. Year to date in 2014, the maximum drawdown is what we are currently experiencing, a drop of 7.4%. Based on this data our present drawdown, while significant, is not out of the ordinary. Though it is impossible to precisely predict the length and magnitude of the current market slide, investors can derive some comfort knowing that an intra-year drawdown like this is not uncommon. Additionally – at the time of writing – the S&P 500 index is still positive year to date, and bond returns are also in positive territory for the year.

1We use the S&P 500 instead of the Dow Jones Industrial Average because it is a more commonly used benchmark by institutional investors.

A Closer Look into the U.S. Job Market

On October 7th, the Bureau of Labor Statistics released the August Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS), which showed that the number of job openings waiting to be filled in the United States rose to 4.84 million. The 4.84 million vacant jobs in August is the highest number of job openings in the U.S. since January 2001, and is the third highest number of job openings on record since the inception of the JOLTS survey in 2000.

On October 7th, the Bureau of Labor Statistics released the August Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS), which showed that the number of job openings waiting to be filled in the United States rose to 4.84 million. The 4.84 million vacant jobs in August is the highest number of job openings in the U.S. since January 2001, and is the third highest number of job openings on record since the inception of the JOLTS survey in 2000. The number of open jobs in the U.S. grew by 910,000 for the 12 month period ending August 31, which is the largest year-over-year increase in job openings since the JOLTS survey began. The large and growing number of open jobs in the U.S. indicates that the strong employment growth experienced recently is likely to continue into 2015.

The fact that there are a near-record number of vacant jobs in the U.S. while the unemployment rate is above the long-term average is a sign that employers are having difficulty finding qualified candidates for open positions. However, if this trend continues it will eventually start to put upward pressure on wages, which could be a bit of a double-edged sword. Higher wages would be a positive development for the overall economy, as the low level of wage growth the past several years has been a significant drag on consumer spending, which is the single largest contributor to GDP in the U.S. However, increased wage growth has the potential to put upward pressure on the inflation rate, which would likely force the Fed to raise interest rates more rapidly than the market currently anticipates, and this has the potential be a drag on the equity markets.