Topic Tags: Fixed Income - Investment Grade

Projecting the Increase in the Fed Funds Rate

On July 9, the Federal Reserve released the minutes from the June FOMC meeting which indicated that it is planning to continue the taper of its bond buying program at the current pace and expects to end the bond purchases entirely in October. With the Fed’s bond buying program (more formally known as quantitative easing) coming to an end, the next step for the Fed will likely be an increase in the fed funds rate.

On July 9, the Federal Reserve released the minutes from the June FOMC meeting which indicated that it is planning to continue the taper of its bond buying program at the current pace and expects to end the bond purchases entirely in October. With the Fed’s bond buying program (more formally known as quantitative easing) coming to an end, the next step for the Fed will likely be an increase in the fed funds rate. In order to illustrate the market’s expectations for the timing of the increase in the fed funds rate, this week’s Chart of the Week shows the implied fed funds rate derived from the fed funds futures market. As the chart indicates, the market currently expects the fed funds rate to remain within the current target level of 0.00–0.25% (0–25 basis points) throughout 2014 and expects the first rate hike to occur at the June 2015 meeting. From there, the market is currently pricing in a series of gradual hikes in the second half of 2015 and throughout 2016 and 2017.

It should be noted that while the fed funds futures market has historically been fairly accurate at predicting near term movements in the fed funds rate (i.e., six months and in), it has a fairly poor track record of predicting longer-term movements (i.e., greater than six months out) especially during periods of transition in Fed policy. Nonetheless, it is important to be aware of what the fed funds futures market’s current expectations are, as changes in these expectations have the potential to significantly impact the broad markets.

High Yield Primary Market Indicative of Credit Cycle

Recent events have raised investors’ concerns about how much runway we have left for a risk-on fixed income portfolio. This week’s chart explores high yield bond issuance ratings and use of proceeds as indicators of where we are in the credit cycle.

Recent events have raised investors’ concerns about how much runway we have left for a risk-on fixed income portfolio. First, the ECB made an unprecedented move towards negative deposit rates for banks to deposit funds with the central bank, thereby incentivizing more lending with the aim of further stimulating Europe’s economy and containing the risk of deflation. Second, while the Fed maintains its dovish stance, swaps indicate that the market anticipates Yellen to raise rates by July 2015. Third, the TXU bankruptcy’s $20 billion in defaulted loans increased the bank loan default rate to 4.64%, but it is expected to drop back to the 1% to 2% average next quarter. Lastly, as of May 2014, 2nd lien bank loans were 4.58% of all bank loans outstanding, which for the first time since the housing bubble is above the long-term average (since January 2004) of 4.51%.

This week’s chart explores high yield bond issuance ratings and use of proceeds as indicators of where we are in the credit cycle.

The lowest quality bonds, CCC-rated, reached a peak of 32.9% as a percentage of all high yield issues in 2007, just before the housing bubble burst. For the first quarter of 2014, this figure was only 15.2%, roughly at 2004 levels. This segment of the capital-raising pipeline is very telling because it shows whether there is an atypical amount of the most speculative rated companies accessing capital to meet the demand of investors reaching for yield, which was the case in 2007. Based on the current data, this trend does not appear to be resurfacing.

Another key insight can be gleaned from how the proceeds of newly issued high yield bonds are used. More specifically, the greater the amount of proceeds used for LBOs (as opposed to less risky actions such as refinancing debt or repurchasing equity), the more heated the market. LBOs as a percentage of new high yield issues reached a peak of 33.7% in 2007, just before the housing bubble burst. However, the same data point was only 2.6% for the first quarter of 2014, which equates to 2003 levels.

Collectively, these two metrics peaked before spreads blew out during the 2008 credit crisis and deserve careful observation as the credit rally continues. Fortunately, based on current levels, they indicate that we have perhaps another few years to go before another major market correction.

Lower Debt Costs in Eurozone

This week’s chart examines the improving financial conditions in the Eurozone’s peripheral countries. Italy, Spain, and Portugal have recently seen their borrowing costs reach significant lows as investors’ confidence strengthens.

This week’s chart examines the improving financial conditions in the Eurozone’s peripheral countries. Italy, Spain, and Portugal have recently seen their borrowing costs reach significant lows as investors’ confidence strengthens. Italian and Spanish 10-Year bond yields fell to 3.1% in late April, the lowest since 1999 for Italy and 2005 for Spain. After its first regular debt auction since a 2011 bailout, Portugal saw its yields drop to 3.7% marking a new post-2009 low.

More than two years removed from the European debt crisis, investor sentiment has improved as economic growth (though small) has returned to the region with participation from the peripherals. The Eurozone’s purchasing managers composite index (PMI) has been in expansion territory for nine consecutive months and hit a post-crisis high of 54 in April. While the Eurozone certainly remains in a fragile state with only a tepid level of growth, investors are encouraged by the improving conditions as well as the commitment of additional support from the European Central Bank if needed.

2014 Market Preview

January 2014

Similar to previous years, we present our annual market preview newsletter. Each year presents new challenges to our clients, and 2014 is no different: We are coming off a banner year for U.S. equities, low interest rates continue to stymie fixed income investors, and while developed market equities enjoyed a strong 2013, emerging market stocks sputtered. In the alternative space, real estate and hedge funds proved accretive to portfolio returns, while growing dry powder in the private equity space is starting to raise a few eyebrows.

Download PDF

A Challenging Year for Core Bonds

This week’s chart depicts the challenging environment core fixed income investors faced in 2013. The ten-year Treasury rate jumped causing significant price depreciation while the coupons failed to cover the losses.

This week’s chart depicts the challenging environment core fixed income investors faced in 2013. The ten-year Treasury rate jumped causing significant price depreciation while the coupons failed to cover the losses. The Barclays Agg index declined 2.0% in 2013, the first negative calendar year return since 1999. This performance was made up of a -4.6% price return and a 2.6% coupon return.

Facing the prospects of low income and prices losses, many investors transitioned away from traditional core bonds in favor of higher yields and/or lower interest rate risk. It should be noted that this allocation change generally accompanies an increase in credit risk as there is no free lunch. While the bull market in fixed income is likely over and return expectations have been lowered, traditional bonds still serve an important role as an anchor to diversified portfolios, providing a steady source of income and principal repayment to investors.

Fixed Income Repositioning

This week’s Chart of the Week examines the estimated net mutual fund flows that occurred within fixed income from January 2013 through November 2013. Notable fund flow trends during this time included investors diversifying away from more traditional bond categories such as intermediate-term, municipal, government, inflation-protected bonds, and money markets.

This week’s Chart of the Week examines the estimated net mutual fund flows that occurred within fixed income from January 2013 through November 2013. Notable fund flow trends during this time included investors diversifying away from more traditional bond categories such as intermediate-term, municipal, government, inflation-protected bonds, and money markets. With generally low yield levels across fixed income asset classes and the expectation of a rising interest rate environment, investors added to categories such as bank loans, nontraditional bonds (which include unconstrained and opportunistic categories), world bonds, and short-term bonds.

Favored bond categories in 2013 tended to carry less interest rate risk such as bank loans and shorter maturity securities. Tactical investments like nontraditional bond and world bond categories where the investment manager typically has more control over interest rate or credit exposures taken at any given time also drew investment dollars. Short and ultra-short bonds were favored as a substitute for money market funds in the current low yield environment.

As investors reposition their fixed income portfolios for an expected low growth and rising interest rate environment, strategies with low interest rate risk or an emphasis on tactical flexibility within their mandates will likely continue to see net positive fund flows.

Defaults Set to Rise?

As shown in the graph above, 2013 has been a tremendous year for both investment grade and below-investment grade companies to issue debt. Given the near record low levels of both interest rates and credit spreads, the amount of issuance has not been surprising.

As shown in the graph above, 2013 has been a tremendous year for both investment grade and below-investment grade companies to issue debt. Given the near-record low levels of both interest rates and credit spreads, the amount of issuance has not been surprising. However, one of these very metrics which has driven this supply serves as a key risk metric to watch in the coming year: credit spreads. Over the last 18 months, the option adjusted spreads (“OAS”) for investment grade debt rated AA, A, and BBB has fallen; the decline in the OAS for high yield is even more remarkable.

Certainly, these declines have benefitted credit investors, but their current low levels coupled with low default rates hints that there is only one direction for defaults and subsequent credit spread levels to go: up. While we have not yet seen alarm bells ringing for either of these items, they bear watching over the coming year.

T-Bill Yields Spike After Government Shutdown

As the government shutdown enters its second week and a resolution to the upcoming breach of the debt ceiling on October 17 appears nowhere in sight, signs of concern are beginning to surface in the U.S. Treasury Bill market. As the chart shows, yields on T-Bills maturing between October 17 and November 14 have spiked significantly over the past week.

As the government shutdown enters its second week and a resolution to the upcoming breach of the debt ceiling on October 17 appears nowhere in sight, signs of concern are beginning to surface in the U.S. Treasury Bill market. As the chart shows, yields on T-Bills maturing between October 17 and November 14 have spiked significantly over the past week. After yielding an average of 0.01% without much volatility throughout the month of September, yields on T-Bills maturing around the expected breach of the debt ceiling have risen fairly significantly following the government shutdown that started on October 1.

To illustrate this, the yield on the T-Bill maturing on October 17 rose from 0.02% on September 30 to 0.14% on October 7. As the government shutdown dragged on and it became apparent that the political dysfunction that resulted in the government shutdown would likely spill over into the fight over raising the debt ceiling, yields started to spike even further, rising to 0.28% on October 8 and 0.38% on October 9. T-Bills maturing within four weeks of the October 17 debt ceiling breach have experienced a similar phenomenon. Interestingly enough, T-Bills maturing before October 17 and after November 14 have not seen any significant movement in yields, which indicates that while there is growing concern about a potential short term disruption to the U.S. Treasury market, the situation has not yet eroded investors’ confidence in the full faith and credit of the United States.

It is important to continue to monitor the recent rise in short-term T-Bills; if a similar spike in yields were to occur across the Treasury curve, it could have a significantly negative impact on the markets and the economy.

Income Drives Core Bond Returns

This week’s chart shows the since inception growth of a dollar in core bonds, represented by the BarCap Agg index from January 1976 through August 2013. The total return components, price return and income return, are broken out separately to highlight just how significant the coupon payment is for the performance of this index over time.

This week’s chart shows the since inception growth of a dollar in core bonds, represented by the BarCap Agg index, from January 1976 through August 2013. The total return components — price return and income return — are broken out separately to highlight just how significant the coupon payment is for the performance of this index over time. Since inception, approximately 85% of total return is attributable to the income component.

Given our current low rate environment and the future headwinds of rising interest rates, performance going forward is anticipated to be lower than what was achieved during the last 30 years, which was largely a falling interest rate environment. However, it is important to note that the income component will always yield a positive return, unlike price appreciation which will vary depending on interest rates. Principal repayment and the income from coupons represent a steady and consistent source of return for investors. This feature continues to make core bonds a sensible asset class for most institutional investors who want to maintain liquidity and principal protection in their portfolios.

Continued QE and the Fed’s Balance Sheet

Since 2008, the Federal Reserve has embarked upon an unprecedented effort to stabilize and support the national economy in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis. At first, the effort was more of an emergency response, aimed at stemming the worst economic calamity since the Great Depression. However, as the threat of a systematic meltdown subsided, the Fed’s focus shifted to ongoing support aimed at restoring economic health

Since 2008, the Federal Reserve has embarked upon an unprecedented effort to stabilize and support the national economy in the aftermath of the 2008 Financial Crisis. At first, the effort was more of an emergency response, aimed at stemming the worst economic calamity since the Great Depression. However, as the threat of a systematic meltdown subsided, the Fed’s focus shifted to ongoing support aimed at restoring economic health. Now, five years after the Global Financial Crisis, the recuperation continues. While the economy has been pulled from recession and is proceeding on the path to recovery, unemployment remains stubbornly high and overall growth is lackluster.

As a result, the Fed announced Wednesday that the third round of quantitative easing will continue as planned until economic data reflects a more robust recovery. The Fed will remain accommodative and continue to purchase $85 billion of Treasury and mortgage-backed securities on the open market per month. As the asset purchases continue indefinitely, the size of the Fed’s balance sheet, which has changed size and composition drastically since the crisis, will continue to expand. Going forward, we expect Wednesday’s announcement to support the ongoing bull market in the equity markets, but at the expense of bond yields, which will likely stay low until the Fed truly begins to taper its asset purchases.